INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents new information on trends in micronutrient deficiencies. Since the publication of the Second Report on the World Nutrition Situation in 1992, great strides have been taken globally to implement a strategy of universal salt iodization, resulting in significant reductions in iodine deficiency disorders in all regions. One of the most dramatic effects of this global programme is protection from mental impairment for millions of new-borns who now have access to effectively iodized salt. Clinical vitamin A deficiency, resulting in blindness, is also on the decline, a most welcome trend. Iron deficiency anaemia, a problem in almost all countries, including industrialized countries, is finally receiving increased attention. Iron fortification programmes are getting off the ground in many countries, and preventive iron supplementation is receiving increased policy attention. Short sections on folic acid and zinc deficiency are included. Zinc deficiency may be an important determinant of maternal mortality in African women, and of childhood stunting. The chapter concludes with information on calcium and its purported relationship to osteoporosis.